![]() Several authors haveĭemonstrated the prevalence of abnormal behaviors, ranging from whole-body Unfavorable rearing conditions, social isolation, prolonged captivity, sensoryĭeprivation, and use in laboratory experimentation have been reported to beĬontributors to behavioral pathology in nonhuman primates –. Range of adverse behavioral and social effects in chimpanzee infants. ![]() It is widely recognized that premature separation from mothers reliably leads to a Psychopathology, especially following from the early work of Harry Harlow. The foundation for many attempts to develop “models” of human In fact, the relationshipsīetween captivity and adverse physical, social and psychological effects have been In nonhuman primates has been noted for decades –. The association of pathological behaviors with captivity Is an ethical imperative to understand the potentially adverse effects of captivityĪnd their use in research. Since nonhuman animals, including chimpanzees, are frequently used in research, there EO CMJ and TA declare no conflicts of interest.Īll of the organizations mentioned are nonprofit organizations, and all authorsĪdhere to the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Trust, which promotes the conservation ofĬhimpanzees and their habitats. Protection of Animals and Chairman of the Board of Directors and ScientificĪdvisor to the Africa Network for Animal Welfare. CK is a consultant to the World Society for the GK is employed byĪAP Sanctuary for Exotic Animals, which promotes the replacement of the use inĪpes in invasive research. Lifetime quality care for formerly abused or exploited chimpanzees, whileĪdvocating for great apes through education and collaboration. JBM is employed by Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, which provides ![]() ![]() Research and alternatives to the use of animals in research, education, and Is a non-governmental organization that promotes higher ethical standards in Role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, orĬompeting interests: HRF and DLD are employed by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which Use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author andįunding: The Arcus Foundation provided financial support for the study. The terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted This is an open-access article distributed under Received: JanuAccepted: ApPublished: June 16, 2011Ĭopyright: © 2011 Ferdowsian et al. PLoS ONE 6(6):Įditor: Patrick Callaerts, VIB & Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium (2011) Signs of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chimpanzees. Sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria for PTSD, compared withĠ.5% of chimpanzees in the wild (p = 0.04).Ĭitation: Ferdowsian HR, Durham DL, Kimwele C, Kranendonk G, Otali E, Akugizibwe T, et al. In phase 2, 58% ofĬhimpanzees living in sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria forĭepression, compared with 3% of chimpanzees in the wild Prior histories of experimentation, orphanage, illegal seizure, or violent (n = 196) and chimpanzees living in sanctuaries with In phase 2, the alternative criteria wereĪpplied to chimpanzees living in wild sites in Africa Kappa and percentage agreement, were higher with use of the alternativeĬriteria for PTSD and depression. Measures of inter-rater reliability, including Fleiss' Number of chimpanzees in the case studies met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD andĭepression. The DSM-IV criteria and ethograms as guides, we developed behaviorallyĪnchored alternative criteria that were applied to the case reports. Reports of 20 chimpanzees identified through PrimateLit. Tested DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and major depression to published case Social isolation, experimentation, or similar experiences. In phase 1 of this study, we accessed case reports of chimpanzees who hadīeen reportedly subjected to traumatic events, such as maternal separation,
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